Cov cuab yeej technology:
High zog fastenersyuav tsum tau quenching thiab tempering kho raws li kev cai.Kev kho cua sov quenching thiab temperingyog txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab dav dav ntawm fasteners kom ua tau raws li lub zog tensile thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv muaj zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv cov khoom siv sab hauv. Thaum lub sij hawm quenching thiab tempering txheej txheem kho cua sov, qee cov roj oxidizing feem ntau yog coj los ntawm sab nraum lub cub tawg. Cov roj oxidizing yuav hnov mob nrog lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj, ua rau decarburization ntawm qhov ntsia hlau. Vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab cov qauv sab hauv, nws muaj qhov sib txawv expansion coefficients. Thaum lub sij hawm quenching, nto tawg yuav tshwm sim, txo cov khoom zoo. Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov ib txwm siv ncaj qha tso bolts rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching rau qhov kub kub quenching. Thaum lub sij hawm quenching thiab tempering txheej txheem, teeb meem xws li tsis txaus hardness nyob rau hauv lub xeev quenched, tsis sib xws hardness nyob rau hauv lub xeev quenched, ntau quenching deformation, thiab quenching cracking yog nquag tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv kev pom ntawm no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov.
Kev siv cov ntsiab lus:
Txhawm rau daws qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tam sim no, lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tam sim no yog los muab cov txheej txheem kho cua sov rau bolts nrog cov nyhuv quenching zoo dua, txhim kho cov khoom zoo, thiab txuas ntxiv cov khoom siv lub neej.
Yuav kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj saum toj no, qhov kev tsim kho tam sim no tau txais cov kev daws teeb meem hauv qab no:
Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov ntawm bolts suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
S1. Dephosphorization;
S2. Kev kho mob ua ntej: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj cov pa nitrogen siab kub rau hauv lub qhov cub ua ntej. Tom qab preheating rau 2.5 mus rau 3 teev, tshem tawm thiab muab tso rau hauv lub cub tawg rau carburization;
S3. quenching: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj nitrogen rau hauv qhov cub quenching. Tom qab txhaj tshuaj nitrogen rau 30-40 feeb, maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 460-500 ℃ thiab tuav nws rau 15-20 feeb ua ntej pib nrog thawj theem ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 550 ~ 700 ℃ thiab tuav nws rau 20 ~ 35 feeb ua ntej mus rau theem thib ob ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching rau 750-850 ℃ thiab tuav nws rau 30-45 feeb ua ntej pib mus rau theem thib peb ntawm quenching kev kho mob;
S4. Roj txias: Tshem tawm cov khoom quenched thiab muab tso rau hauv thawj quenching roj tank rau roj txias, nplawm txhua 15 feeb thiab tuav nws rau 20-30 feeb; Tom qab tshem tawm, muab tso rau hauv qhov thib ob quenching roj tank rau roj txias, do txhua 15 feeb kom txog thaum cov khoom kub poob mus rau 100 ℃;
S5. Kev tshem tawm roj: Tshem tawm cov khoom txias thiab cia nws sawv ntsug rau 35-45 feeb, thiab tshuab tawm cov roj quenching ntawm cov khoom los ntawm huab cua txias;
S6. Tempering: Muab cov khoom degreased tso rau hauv lub cub tawg rau kev kho cua sov, kho qhov kub thiab txias rau 110 ~ 180 ℃, thiab lub sijhawm tempering rau 1.5 ~ 3 teev. Ua thawj theem ntawm tempering kho; Tshav kub rau 370-410 ℃ thiab npau taws rau 3-6 xuab moos ua ntej pib nrog theem thib ob ntawm tempering kho; Tom qab tempering kho, cua txias cov khoom mus rau chav tsev kub.
Zoo dua, nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam s1 saum toj no, cov tshuaj ntxuav muaj cov khoom nram qab no los ntawm huab hwm coj: 20-36 qhov chaw ntawm butyl acetate, 10-13 qhov chaw ntawm polyglycolic acid, 16-20 qhov chaw ntawm aminoacetic acid, 13-22 qhov chaw ntawm ethyl acrylate, 5-9 qhov chaw ntawm oleic acid, triethanol, 3-9 seem ntawm oleic acid thiab triethanol. 18-26 qhov chaw ntawm cov dej, uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov roj stains ntawm cov khoom thiab tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov nyhuv quenching.
Qhov zoo dua, lub tank dephosphorization tau hais los saum toj no yog nruab nrog cov tshuaj dephosphorization, uas xaiv cov tshuaj poov tshuaj hydroxide nrog ib qho concentration ntawm 2.2-6.5g / l lossis sodium hydroxide tov nrog concentration ntawm 2.8-6.9g / l.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam s2, qhov kub-kub nitrogen gas nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating yog cov roj nitrogen hauv qhov cub quenching hauv kauj ruam s3, nrog tus nqi ntws ntawm 2.5-3.5l / h. Los ntawm preheating cov khoom, cov tshuaj ntxuav ntawm nws qhov chaw tuaj yeem qhuav thiab qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov cub tawg tuaj yeem ua rau kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov khoom zoo.
Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam s3 saum toj no, tus nqi ntawm nitrogen yog 4-5l / h, uas yuav tshem tawm cov huab cua los ntawm lub preheating rauv, zam oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm oxygen thiab cov khoom, thiab tsis txhob decarburization, uas yuav ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm threaded fasteners thiab shorten lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm cov khoom.
Tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam s3 saum toj no, cov cua kub ntawm lub quenching rauv thaum lub sij hawm cua sov mus rau 460-500 ℃ yog 30-40 ℃ / min, lub cua sov tus nqi thaum lub sij hawm cua sov mus rau 550-700 ℃ yog 50-60 ℃ / min, thiab cov cua kub thaum lub sij hawm cua sov yog 0-7 ℃ 0.5 ℃ / min. Kev kho cua sov theem quenching tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nyhuv quenching ntawm cov khoom thiab txhim kho cov khoom zoo.
Zoo dua, hauv kauj ruam s4, qhov kub ntawm cov roj quenching nyob rau hauv thawj quenching roj tank yog 250-300 ℃, thiab qhov kub ntawm cov quenching roj nyob rau hauv lub thib ob quenching roj tank yog 50-70 ℃.
Qhov zoo dua, hauv kauj ruam s5 saum toj no, qhov kub ntawm huab cua txias yog 30-35 ℃, thiab cua ceev yog 20-25m / s.
Qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tam sim no yog tias cov txheej txheem kho cua sov ntawm lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj yog qhov yooj yim, yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo quenching. Los ntawm preheating cov khoom, cov tshuaj ntxuav ntawm nws qhov chaw tuaj yeem qhuav, thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov cub tawg tuaj yeem ua rau kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov khoom zoo; Qhov kub-kub nitrogen siv nyob rau hauv preheating rauv los ntawm lub quenching rauv, tshem tawm cov cua sov ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv lub preheating rauv, uas yuav txuag tau lub zog noj thiab txo cov nqi ntau lawm; Txhaj nitrogen rau hauv preheating thiab quenching furnaces yuav tshem tawm cov huab cua sab hauv, tsis txhob oxidation tshwm sim ntawm oxygen thiab cov khoom, yog li tsis txhob decarburization thiab ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm threaded fasteners, thiab ncua kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov khoom; Theem cua sov quenching kev kho mob tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nyhuv quenching ntawm cov khoom thiab txhim kho nws qhov zoo; Staged roj txias kev kho mob tuaj yeem ua kom txias cov khoom kub kub yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lawv qhov zoo.
Txoj kev siv tshwj xeeb
Cov hauv qab no yog ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau tam sim no invention nrog rau tej embodiments.
Piv txwv 1
Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov ntawm bolts suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
S1. Dephosphorization;
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tu muaj cov khoom nram qab no los ntawm pawg: 20 qhov chaw ntawm butyl acetate, 10 qhov chaw ntawm polyglycolic acid, 16 qhov chaw ntawm aminoacetic acid, 13 qhov chaw ntawm ethyl acrylate, 5 qhov chaw ntawm oleic acid triethanolamine ntsev, 3 qhov chaw ntawm ethanolamine, thiab 18 qhov chaw ntawm dej; Lub tank dephosphorization yog nruab nrog cov tshuaj dephosphorization, uas siv cov tshuaj poov tshuaj hydroxide nrog ib qho concentration ntawm 2.2g / l;
S2. Kev kho mob ua ntej: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj cov pa nitrogen siab kub rau hauv lub qhov cub ua ntej. Tom qab preheating rau 2.5 teev, tshem tawm thiab muab tso rau hauv lub cub tawg carburizing rau kev kho mob carburization;
S3. quenching: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj roj nitrogen rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching. Tus nqi ntawm cov roj nitrogen yog 4l / h, thiab tom qab txhaj cov roj nitrogen rau 30 feeb, maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub kom 460 ℃, nrog rau cua sov ntawm 30 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws li 15 feeb ua ntej pib nrog thawj theem ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 550 ℃, nrog rau qhov cua sov ntawm 50 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws li 20 feeb ua ntej mus rau theem thib ob ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 750 ℃, nrog lub cua sov ntawm 70 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws li 30 feeb ua ntej mus rau theem thib peb ntawm quenching kev kho mob;
S4. Roj txias: Tshem tawm cov khoom quenched thiab muab tso rau hauv thawj quenching roj tank rau roj txias. Qhov kub ntawm cov roj quenching yog 250 ℃, thiab do txhua 15 feeb rau 20 feeb; Tom qab tshem tawm, muab tso rau hauv lub thib ob quenching roj tank rau cov roj txias, nrog lub quenching roj kub ntawm 50 ℃ thiab do txhua txhua 15 feeb kom txog thaum cov khoom kub poob mus rau 100 ℃;
S5. Kev tshem tawm roj: Tshem tawm cov khoom txias thiab cia nws sawv ntsug li 35 feeb. Tshuab tawm cov roj quenching rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom nrog cua txias ntawm qhov kub ntawm 30 ℃ thiab cua ceev ntawm 20m / s;
S6. Tempering: Muab cov khoom degreased tso rau hauv lub qhov cub tempering rau kev kho cua sov, kho qhov kub thiab txias rau 110 ℃, thiab lub sijhawm tempering rau 1.5 teev. Ua thawj theem ntawm tempering kho; Tshav kub rau 370 ℃, npau taws rau 3 teev, thiab ua rau theem thib ob ntawm tempering kho; Tom qab tempering kho, cua txias cov khoom mus rau chav tsev kub.
Qhov kub-kub nitrogen gas nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating nyob rau hauv kauj ruam s2 ntawm no embodiment yog cov pa nitrogen los ntawm lub quenching rauv nyob rau hauv kauj ruam s3, thiab cov flow rate ntawm high-temperature nitrogen gas yog 2.5l / h.
Piv txwv 2
Cov txheej txheem cov kauj ruam nyob rau hauv no embodiment yog tib yam li cov hauv Piv txwv 1, tshwj tsis yog rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, uas suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
S1. Dephosphorization: muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub tshuab ntxuav thiab ncuav rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom txog thaum cov khoom ntim rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav. Kho qhov kub thiab txias rau 50 ℃ thiab do txhua 15 feeb. Tom qab ntxuav rau 3h, tshem tawm cov khoom thiab muab tso rau hauv lub tank dephosphorization rau kev kho dephosphorization;
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tu muaj cov khoom nram qab no los ntawm pawg: 36 qhov chaw ntawm butyl acetate, 13 qhov chaw ntawm polyglycolic acid, 20 qhov chaw ntawm aminoacetic acid, 22 qhov chaw ntawm ethyl acrylate, 9 qhov chaw ntawm oleic acid triethanolamine ntsev, 16 qhov chaw ntawm ethanolamine, thiab 26 qhov chaw ntawm dej; Lub tank dephosphorization yog nruab nrog cov tshuaj dephosphorization, uas tau xaiv los ua cov tshuaj poov tshuaj hydroxide nrog ib qho concentration ntawm 6.5g / l los yog sodium hydroxide tov nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 6.9g / l;
S2. Kev kho mob ua ntej: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj cov pa nitrogen siab kub rau hauv lub qhov cub ua ntej. Tom qab preheating rau 3 teev, muab nws tawm thiab muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub carburizing rau kev kho mob carburization;
S3. quenching: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj roj nitrogen rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching. Tus nqi ntawm cov roj nitrogen yog 5l / h, thiab tom qab txhaj cov pa roj nitrogen rau 40min, maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub kom 500 ℃, nrog rau cua sov ntawm 40 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws rau 20min ua ntej pib nrog thawj theem ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 700 ℃, nrog rau qhov cua sov ntawm 60 ℃ / min, thiab tuav rau 35 feeb ua ntej mus rau theem thib ob ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 850 ℃, nrog rau qhov cua sov ntawm 90 ℃ / min, thiab tuav rau 45 feeb ua ntej mus rau theem thib peb ntawm quenching kev kho mob;
S4. Roj txias: Tshem tawm cov khoom quenched thiab muab tso rau hauv thawj quenching roj tank rau roj txias. Qhov kub ntawm cov roj quenching yog 300 ℃, thiab do txhua 15 feeb rau 30 feeb; Tom qab tshem tawm, muab tso rau hauv qhov thib ob quenching roj tank rau cov roj txias, nrog rau quenching roj kub ntawm 70 ℃ thiab do txhua 15 feeb kom txog thaum cov khoom kub poob mus rau 100 ℃;
S5. Kev tshem tawm roj: Tshem tawm cov khoom txias thiab cia nws sawv ntsug li 45 feeb. Tshuab tawm cov roj quenching rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom nrog cua txias ntawm qhov kub ntawm 35 ℃ thiab cua ceev ntawm 25m / s;
S6. Tempering: Muab cov khoom degreased tso rau hauv lub qhov cub kom sov rau kev kho cua sov, kho qhov kub thiab txias rau 180 ℃, thiab lub sijhawm tempering rau 3 teev. Ua thawj theem ntawm tempering kho; Nce qhov kub thiab txias mus rau 410 ℃, npau taws rau 6 teev, thiab mus rau theem thib ob ntawm tempering kho; Tom qab tempering kho, cua txias cov khoom mus rau chav tsev kub.
Cov roj nitrogen siab kub tau nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov cub ua ntej cua sov hauv kauj ruam s2 ntawm qhov embodiment yog cov roj nitrogen los ntawm lub qhov cub quenching hauv kauj ruam s3, nrog rau tus nqi ntws ntawm 3.5l / h rau high-temperature nitrogen gas.
Piv txwv 3
Cov txheej txheem cov kauj ruam nyob rau hauv no embodiment yog tib yam li cov hauv Piv txwv 1, tshwj tsis yog rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, uas suav nrog cov kauj ruam hauv qab no:
S1. Dephosphorization;
Cov tshuaj ntxuav tu muaj cov khoom nram qab no los ntawm pawg: 28 qhov chaw ntawm butyl acetate, 12 qhov chaw ntawm polyglycolic acid, 18 qhov chaw ntawm aminoacetic acid, 18 qhov chaw ntawm ethyl acrylate, 7 qhov chaw ntawm oleic acid triethanolamine ntsev, 10 qhov chaw ntawm ethanolamine, thiab 22 qhov chaw ntawm dej; Lub tank dephosphorization yog nruab nrog cov tshuaj dephosphorization, uas yog xaiv raws li sodium hydroxide tov nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 4.5g / l;
S2. Kev kho mob ua ntej: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj cov pa nitrogen siab kub rau hauv lub qhov cub ua ntej. Tom qab preheating rau 2.7 teev, tshem tawm nws thiab muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub carburizing rau kev kho mob carburization;
S3. quenching: Muab cov khoom tso rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching thiab tsis tu ncua txhaj roj nitrogen rau hauv lub qhov cub quenching. Tus nqi ntawm cov roj nitrogen yog 4.5l / h, thiab tom qab txhaj cov roj nitrogen rau 35 feeb, maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm qhov cub rau 480 ℃, nrog rau qhov cua sov ntawm 35 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws li 18 feeb ua ntej pib nrog thawj theem ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub cub tawg rau 575 ℃, nrog rau qhov cua sov ntawm 55 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws li 27 feeb ua ntej yuav mus rau theem thib ob ntawm quenching kev kho mob; Maj mam nce qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub quenching mus rau 800 ℃, nrog rau qhov cua sov ntawm 80 ℃ / min, thiab tuav nws rau 38 feeb ua ntej mus rau theem thib peb ntawm quenching kev kho mob;
S4. Roj txias: Tshem tawm cov khoom quenched thiab muab tso rau hauv thawj quenching roj tank rau roj txias. Qhov kub ntawm cov roj quenching yog 275 ℃, thiab do txhua 15 feeb rau 25 feeb; Tom qab tshem tawm, muab tso rau hauv lub thib ob quenching roj tank rau roj txias, nrog rau quenching roj kub ntawm 60 ℃ thiab do txhua txhua 15 feeb kom txog thaum cov khoom kub poob mus rau 100 ℃;
S5. Kev tshem tawm roj: Tshem tawm cov khoom txias thiab cia nws sawv ntsug li 40 feeb. Tshuab tawm cov roj quenching rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom los ntawm huab cua txias, nrog rau qhov kub ntawm 33 ℃ thiab cua ceev ntawm 22m / s;
S6. Tempering: Muab cov khoom degreased tso rau hauv lub qhov cub kom sov rau kev kho cua sov, kho qhov kub thiab txias rau 145 ℃, thiab lub sijhawm tempering rau 2.2 teev. Ua thawj theem ntawm tempering kho; Tshav kub rau 390 ℃, npau taws rau 4.5 xuab moos, thiab mus rau theem thib ob ntawm tempering kho; Tom qab tempering kho, cua txias cov khoom mus rau chav tsev kub.
Qhov kub-kub nitrogen nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov cub preheating hauv kauj ruam s2 ntawm no embodiment yog nitrogen nyob rau hauv lub quenching rauv nyob rau hauv kauj ruam s3, nrog ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm 3l / h.
Mechanical kev ua tau zoo kuaj
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev sim, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias lub zog ntawm cov bolts kho los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov ntawm qhov kev tsim tawm tam sim no yog siab dua 10.5, uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov ntawm lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm qhov kev tsim tam sim no yog qhov yooj yim, yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo quenching. Los ntawm preheating cov khoom, cov tshuaj ntxuav ntawm nws qhov chaw tuaj yeem qhuav, thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov cub tawg tuaj yeem ua rau kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov khoom zoo; Qhov kub-kub nitrogen siv nyob rau hauv preheating rauv los ntawm lub quenching rauv, tshem tawm cov cua sov ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv lub preheating rauv, uas yuav txuag tau lub zog noj thiab txo cov nqi ntau lawm; Txhaj nitrogen rau hauv preheating thiab quenching furnaces yuav tshem tawm cov huab cua sab hauv, tsis txhob oxidation tshwm sim ntawm oxygen thiab cov khoom, yog li tsis txhob decarburization thiab ua rau tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm threaded fasteners, thiab ncua kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov khoom; Theem cua sov quenching kev kho mob tuaj yeem txhim kho cov nyhuv quenching ntawm cov khoom thiab txhim kho nws qhov zoo; Staged roj txias kev kho mob tuaj yeem ua kom txias cov khoom kub kub yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lawv qhov zoo.
Hauv kev piav qhia ntawm qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no, kev siv rau cov ntsiab lus xws li "ib qho piv txwv", "qee embodiments", "piv txwv", "cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb", lossis "qee yam piv txwv" txhais tau hais tias cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, cov qauv, cov khoom siv, lossis cov yam ntxwv uas tau piav qhia ua ke nrog lub cim lossis piv txwv muaj nyob hauv tsawg kawg ib qho piv txwv lossis piv txwv ntawm cov khoom tsim tam sim no. Hauv qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no, schematic kab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus saum toj no tsis tas yuav xa mus rau tib lub embodiments lossis piv txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, cov qauv, cov khoom siv, lossis cov yam ntxwv tau piav qhia tuaj yeem ua ke kom tsim nyog hauv ib qho lossis ntau qhov qauv lossis piv txwv.
Cov saum toj no qhia thiab piav qhia txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tam sim no. Technicians nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam no yuav tsum to taub hais tias cov embodiments saum toj no tsis nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev txwv rau tam sim no invention, thiab tej kev daws teeb meem tau los ntawm sib npaug los yog sib npaug transformation poob nyob rau hauv lub Scope ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm tam sim no invention.
Post lub sij hawm: Apr-04-2023